BIOGRAPHY

Earl Smith received his O.D. and Ph.D. from the University of Houston and subsequently joined the faculty of the College of Optometry at UH in 1978. Currently he holds the Greeman-Petty Professorship in Vision Development (since 1987) and is the Dean of the College of Optometry (since 2003). Earl Smith’s primary research interests are focused on the effects of normal and abnormal visual experience on the developing visual system. For the last fifteen years, his research has concentrated on the role of vision in regulating refractive development and eye growth. He received the Glenn Fry Award from the American Academy of Optometry for his research on emmetropization (1996) and is a two-time co-recipient of the International Glaucoma Review Award (1999, 2002).

In 1994, he received UH’s Amoco Teaching Excellence Award and was selected by the Texas Optometric Association as its Educator of the Year in 2003. Earl Smith is a past president of the American Optometric Foundation (2002), a past Chair of NIH’s Central Visual Processing Study Section (2001-2003) and currently is a member of NIH’s National Advisory Eye Council.

ABSTRACT

In order to develop effective optical treatment strategies for myopia, it is critical that we understand how visual experience influences refractive development. The association between myopia and near work was recognized in humans centuries ago. However, despite substantial effort, human studies have not been able to identify conclusively the extent to which the visual environment affects refractive development, to isolate convincingly the critical aspects of nearwork that potentially induce ocular changes, or to determine confidently the physiological mechanisms that would mediate environmental influences on the eye’s refractive status. Consequently, it is not surprising that most optical treatment regimens for myopia that have emerged from observational human studies have not proven to be universally effective. However, beginning with the discovery of the phenomenon of form deprivation myopia, research involving a variety of animal species, including higher primates, has clearly demonstrated that early ocular growth and the emmetropization process are regulated by optical defocus associated with the eye’s refractive state.

This presentation will 1) review the role of vision in refractive development and the traditional optical therapeutic strategies that have been employed to halt or slow the progression of myopia, 2) summarize some of what has been learned about the optical performance properties of the vision-dependent mechanisms that regulate eye growth and the emmetropization process in animal models, 3) examine possible explanations for why traditional optical treatment strategies have not been universally successful, and 4) present recent findings on the spatial integration properties of the emmetropization process that support a non-traditional optical approach for slowing the progression of myopia.  

Nathan Efron completed his BScOptom and PhD at the University of Melbourne in 1981, and after two years of post-doctoral studies in Berkeley, USA and Sydney, he returned to Melbourne as lecturer then senior lecturer responsible for contact lens education. In 1990 he took up the foundation Chair of Clinical Optometry at the University of Manchester, England, and established a contact lens research and consultancy unit known as Eurolens Research. In Manchester, he served as Head of Department from 1992-97 and Dean of Research for the university from 2001-2004, and was admitted to the degree of Doctor of Science in 1995. Professor Efron returned to Australia in 2006 and joined the Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation in the School of Optometry at the Queensland University of Technology, as Research Professor.

He has served as President of both the Contact Lens Society of Australia (1981) and the British Contact Lens Association (1997). He lectures extensively world-wide, particularly in the field of the ocular response to contact lens wear, and has published over 650 scientific papers, abstracts and textbook chapters, and has written/edited 6 books — his most recent being ‘Optometry A-Z’ (Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007). Professor Efron has won a number of prestigious awards, including the Optician journal’s ‘Contribution to Optics’ award (UK, 1997), the Gold Medal of the British Contact Lens Association (UK, 2001) and the Max Schapero Award (USA, 2003).

ABSTRACTS

The introduction of silicone-hydrogel contact lenses onto the world market in 1999 has heralded a revolution in eye care, and these products now represent the majority of lens sales in most world markets. With the benefit of eight years of hindsight, we can now ask whether or not these lenses have lived up to their promise of superior performance. Clearly, silicone hydrogel lenses meet the oxygen needs of the cornea during open-eye and closed-eye (sleep) wear. The oxygen permeability (Dk) values of these lenses are over 75 Dk units, which is far above those of the ‘best’ hydrogel extended wear lenses (30 Dk units). Reports from numerous clinical trials have failed to reveal any problems relating to hypoxia with silicone hydrogel lenses. Thus, conditions such as epithelial microcysts, limbal redness, hypoxic staining, stromal neovascularisation, oedema and endothelial polymegethism do not occur with these lenses. Although the Dk of silicone hydrogel lenses varies from 60 to 162, there is actually no difference between these lenses in terms of the extent of corneal oxygenation (‘corneal flux’). For extended wear, the risk of developing microbial keratitis is 5X lower with silicone hydrogel lenses compared with conventional hydrogel lenses. In choosing the best silicone hydrogel lenses for a patient, clinicians need to prescribe lenses with reduced material stiffness and superior surface lubricity (for better comfort) and good optics (for improved vision).

Strategies for improving contact lens comfort

ABSTRACTS

Probably the most important requisite of a contact lens is that it is comfortable in the eye. Lens wearers can report the level of comfort/discomfort they are experiencing using nominal, ordinal and analog measures. The most common reported symptom is ‘dryness’, which may be experienced at various times during the wearing period. Factors that can affect comfort include the form of the lens edge, the volume of the lens, lens modulus, lens water content and dehydration, lens surface properties (wettability, lubricity, coefficient of fricction), the physiological status of the tear film and anterior eye, lens care solutions used and environmental factors. Wetting agents incorporated into the lens matrix can enhance lens comfort. Some attempts at adding comfort formulations to lens care solutions have been unsuccessful due to high levels of infections; such products have been withdrawn from the market. Saline and comfort drops can provide symptomatic relief for some patients.

BIOGRAPHY

Dr Pauline Cho is currently an Associate Professor of the School of Optometry at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University where she teaches Contact Lens Practice. She obtained her Bachelor of Optometry at the University of New South Wales, Australia and her PhD at the University Of Bradford, UK. She was the recipient of the Department’s Teaching Excellence Award in 2002 and she also obtained her Master in Professional, Vocational and Higher Education at PolyU in 2003.

Her current research interests include contact lenses (including orthokeratology), compliance in contact lens wear and care, microbial contamination of lens and lens accessories, tears and dry eye. She has published extensively in optometric and contact lens journals including a book chapter on Orthokeratology with John Mountford in Refractive Surgery (eds: Azar D, Gatinel D), 2nd Edition. Mosby Elsevier.

She is a Fellow of the American Academy of Optometry, and a member of the International Society for Contact Lens Research. She is also currently the Regional Editor (Asia-Pacific) for Contact Lens & Anterior Eye, the journal of the British Contact Lens Association.

ABSTRACT

Dry eye problem affects numerous people worldwide. It is perhaps one of the most common reasons why patients seek our help in our practices. Dry eye is usually characterised by a variety of ocular surface abnormalities with typical symptoms of dryness, foreign body sensation and discomfort. Although a number of clinical tests and techniques are available for the diagnosis of dry eye, the condition is nevertheless difficult to diagnose. As clinicians, are we up-to-date about available tests for dry eye patients? Are we using the correct diagnostic test? What are the limitations of the test that we are using, and how do we interpret the results? What can we expect in the near future?

The complexity of dry eye syndrome makes it very difficult to pinpoint the cause and hence the treatment. However, almost all clinical dry eye conditions can be attributed to abnormalities in the tears. A decrease in the antioxidant and UV protection in tears can also lead to dry eye problems. So, what is the effect (if any) of age on the antioxidant content of tears? Research work is still on going, particularly in the seeking of better clinical tests and management protocols for dry eye. This review will present a summary of the diagnostic tests and management protocols commonly used for this condition, and will also include some recent studies on dry eyes conducted in Hong Kong.

BIOGRAPHY

Professor and Head of School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia

Senior Research Associate, Institute for Eye Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia

Professor Stapleton graduated in Optometry from the University of Cardiff, Wales in 1985 and has since worked in academic, hospital and private optometric practice.  She was awarded her PhD in 1991 from City University and Moorfields Eye Hospital in London for her research on the pathogenesis and epidemiology of contact lens-related disease and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at University College London. Her research areas include the pathogenesis of lens-related disease, particularly microbial keratitis, ocular microbiology, bacterial resistance, contact lens care systems, ocular surface sensitivity and ocular defence mechanisms. 

She holds numerous memberships and executive affiliations with optometric and scientific organisations, is a regular reviewer for a range of journals, belongs to the international editorial board of three journals, has 90 peer reviewed publications, has contributed 13 chapters to textbooks and published a book on the diagnosis and management of anterior segment disease.

ABSTRACT

Recent international studies have endeavoured to estimate the incidence of presumed microbial keratitis (MK) and vision loss among contact lens wearers, particularly to examine contemporary lens types, such as silicone hydrogel and daily disposable contact lenses. The various methodologies that have been employed will be briefly discussed, and the results compared. Although there are some differences in results, there is general agreement that (a) there remains a greater risk of microbial keratitis and vision loss when sleeping in lenses, (b) the incidence of microbial keratitis with overnight use of silicone hydrogel lenses is about 20 cases per 10,000 wearers per year with 2-4 cases per 10,000 experiencing vision loss of 2 or more lines, (c) daily disposability is the safest soft lens modality for more severe disease, and (d) disease severity is associated with the recovery of environmental pathogens and a delay in receiving appropriate treatment.

The outcomes of laser refractive surgery have not been subject to population based scrutiny in the same way that contact lens related microbial keratitis has and direct comparisons between the safety of the two modalities are difficult. The risk of vision loss with LASIK can be considered a one off risk, whereas the risk with contact lens wear persists for the duration of lens wear. A review of the most recent studies of LASIK complications indicates an incidence of corneal ectasia in 28 per 1000 individuals and visual loss of 2 lines or more in 74 per 1000. These estimates would suggest that the risk of vision loss with a lifetime of contact lens use remains lower than visual loss associated with refractive surgery. 

Mr. Tony Phillips (Australia)

BIOGRAPHY

Tony Phillips is an optometrist in a specialist contact lens practice in Adelaide, South Australia. In addition he also heads the Contact Lens Units at the Flinders Medical Centre and the Adelaide Women’s and Children’s Hospital.

Tony has published and lectured widely. However he is best known as the co-editor of the textbook ‘Contact Lenses’ which he has co edited for more years than he now cares to remember!

In 1992 he was awarded a prestigious Churchill Fellowship to study the Medical Use of Contact Lenses. He is a Founding Fellow of The Contact Lens Society of Australia and is currently National President.

Tony’s current projects include an ‘Optometrist’s Practitioner – Patient Manual’ - a manual of diagrams and photographs designed to help clinicians explain to patients what their optometric condition or problem is - and a DVD to help parents of babies and infants who need contact lenses.

ABSTRACT

Fitting babies and infants with contact lenses can rightly be regarded as a specialist area. However, every optometrist should have some knowledge of this area:

• You will need to know who to refer and why
• You will need to discuss conditions and treatment with parents and prognoses
• The skills learnt can be useful with older children
• You may be called upon to help in an emergency, particularly if you live in an isolated area
• The cost of educating a blind child is very considerable, anything to prevent this benefits not only the child but also the community
• The numbers involved are more than might be imagined - 40 – 50,000 children are born with cataract in the USA, for example, every decade
• Every child grows up! In other words, they will eventually be discharged into general practice and may see you!

ABSTRACT

In simplistic terms, anyone can fit a patient with Keratoconus - but can they wear the lenses, be comfortable and see well? Experts will tell you that the initial fitting in Keratoconus, although requiring great expertise, is the easy part - dealing with the aftercare problems requires much more skill! This talk deals with the problems that occur once the patient returns for aftercare:

• How to design toric lenses and toric peripheries for the keratoconic eye
• How to change the BVP when the (very steep) BOZR is changed
• Dealing with inferior underhang
• Dealing with apical staining
• Reducing frothing
• Displaced cones
• Loss of tolerance
• Pips or corns (localized epithelial hyperplasia)
• Hydrops
• Prescribing spectacles
• Advising on corneal grafting

BIOGRAPHY

Michael Collins is a Professor in the School of Optometry at the Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia. He originally trained as an optometrist, gaining a DipAppSc (Optom) in 1977.

He has since completed a MAppSc in visual psychophysics and a PhD in visual optics. He teaches the contact lens program to undergraduates at QUT, where he is also director of contact lens clinics. His research interests include the visual optics of the cornea and contact lenses, myopia, and corneal biomechanics. He is the director of the Contact Lens and Visual Optics laboratory, with a staff of researchers and postgraduate students from various scientific backgrounds.

He is a fellow of the Contact Lens Society of Australia and a fellow of the American Academy of Optometry. He has supervised many postgraduate students, has published over 100 research papers and has lectured widely internationally.

ABSTRACT

Blinking is important for the health of the eye because it serves to distribute the tear film across the ocular surface. It also has a major influence on the stabilization of soft toric lenses. In this presentation I will discuss the biomechanics of blinking and tear flow. Blinking has been studied with high speed filming, while tear flow has been investigated through dynamic (continuous) videokeratoscopy. These studies show the motion of the eyelid during blinking and the process of tear distribution following a blink. The nature and clinical consequences of incomplete blinking will also be discussed. A new method for quantifying tear film surface quality will be presented.

This method uses dynamic videokeratoscopy to non-invasively measure the stability of the tear film surface in the inter-blink period. Between blinks, the position of the eyelids is relatively static on the cornea. The pressure exerted by the eyelids against the eye is largely confined to a region of the eyelid margin called the lid wiper (Marx’s line). I will discuss the effect that this pressure zone has on corneal topography. The region directly underlying the eyelid margin shows a band-like pattern of distortion that persists for some time. This can create temporary refractive changes (both sphere, cylinder and high order aberrations) and visual consequences (diplopia) for people with narrow eyelid apertures. Finally, I will discuss research underway in my laboratory to directly measure eyelid pressure using ultra-thin pressure sensors mounted on the surface of contact lenses.

Dr. Stan Isaac (Singapore)

BIOGRAPHY

Stan Isaacs graduated with Bachelor of optometry Degree with honors from university of New South Wales in 1975. A year later was awarded a Master of Optometry Degree.

Stan Isaacs started private practice in 1977 specializing in pediatric optometry and contact lenses and was responsible for forming the Singapore Optometric Association in 1980, and was the pro-tem President. In 1990 he was elected as the President of The Singapore Contact Lens Society a position he stills holds to date.

Presented numerous research papers, at international and local Ophthalmology and Optometry conferences. These presentations were usually associated with his current research on either Myopia or contact lenses. In 1996 started working closely with Mr. John Mountford (The founder of the BE Orthokeratology lens system) on Orthokeratology. He was the first practitioner to do Ortho-K in Singapore and was also responsible for arranging, promoting and training of other contact lens practitioners in Ortho-K. Arranged numerous courses in Ortho-K in Singapore and Malaysia and set up the Orthokeratology Society of Singapore which he is still the current president of this Society.

Got his PhD in 2004 for his work on “The cornea under Orthokeratology” Dr. Stan Isaacs is also the clinical director of I & Vision Research Centre Pte Ltd, which predominantly does research for international contact lens companies, vitamin supplement companies, and contact lens solution companies on how their products perform, and especially how they perform on Asian (Chinese decent) eyes.

ABSTRACT

RGP lens fitting especially in the past 15 years has changed dramatically with the introduction of corneal topographers as a clinical tool. Has this tool and advances in computerized lens design and manufacture allowed us to fit all corneas? Included will also be some case presentations on difficult to fit corneas.

Ms Anna Yeo (Singapore)

BIOGRAPHY

Ms Anna Yeo is currently a Senior Lecturer from Singapore Polytechnic. She joined private practice for 6 years before switching to a career in teaching. She was one of the pioneering staff in Singapore Polytechnic to teach in the Certificate in Contact Lens Practice in 1991, and continue teaching in the Diploma in Optometry. She was also the course coordinator for the Advanced Diploma in Optometry program. She won the Excellence in Teaching Award during the Excellence in Education and Training Convention in Singapore Polytechnic in 2005.

Anna has been a board member of the Contact Lens Practitioners Board for 12 years, since its inception in 1996. She has conducted numerous consultancy projects for the industry in ophthalmic lenses and contact lenses and participated in many community vision screenings. Anna becomes the Fellow of International Association for Contact Lens Educators (IACLE) in 1996 and has been serving IACLE as a country representative from Singapore. She is one of the pioneer organizing committee members for the NUOO.

From 1997 to 2000, she pursued her Masters in Applied Science, researched in tear film and ocular surface. She has contributed in the publications in Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, Contact Lens Spectrum and Annals of Medicine, Singapore. Her current interest is in myopia and how near work induces progression of myopia.

ABSTRACT

Nutritional supplements are available in many forms such as vitamins A, B, C and E, carotenoids such as beta-carotene, lutein and zeaxanthin, minerals such as selenium and zinc and herb, ginkgo biloba. The supplements have been used in the treatment of various eye diseases including glaucoma, cataract, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and dry eye.

A nutritional supplement with omega-3 fatty acids at an appropriate consumption ratio with omega-6 fatty acids was found to have a reduced incidence of dry eye due to its anti-inflammatory effects. This paper research on articles related to the use of nutrients in the treatment of dry eye.

Mr. Craig W. Norman (USA)

BIOGRAPHY

Mr. Norman is a Clinical Professor, Adjunct Clinical Faculty at the Michigan College of Optometry, Ferris State University and Director of the Contact Lens Section, Department of Ophthalmology at the South Bend Clinic, South Bend, Indiana.

A prominent lecturer, he travels extensively throughout the world speaking on a variety of contact lens and eyecare related topics. Mr. Norman is a Consulting Editor to the Contact Lens Spectrum, Refractive Eyecare for Ophthalmologists and Review of Contact Lenses. He is a Member of the Advisory Panel of the GP Lens Institute, as well as an Advisory Panel Member and consultant to numerous SCL and GP lens companies. Craig is also a founding Education Committee member of the Global Orthokeratology Symposium and the Global Keratoconus Congress.

He has published over 100 articles, posters, videos and book chapters on GP and Soft Lens Design, Presbyopic Contact Lenses, Specialty Contact Lens Uses and Eye Care Practice Management.

ABSTRACT

Orthokeratology is becoming more widely used in many countries while in others practitioners are shying away from offering this corneal reshaping option. Patient preference and perspective, fitting skill level of practitioners, regulatory controls and concern over safety are some of the reasons for widely varied range of use. This presentation will discuss these issues and describe how this may impact the ortho-k practice of the future.

Improving Your Ortho-k Practice; from patient acquisition to long-term follow-up care Why are some practices able to only fit a few patients annually in ortho-k, while others are seeing these patients daily? How can ortho-k patients be fit more quickly and efficiently? What fitting system is best suited for my practice? How do I manage the long-term lens wearer? This lecture will address these issues and more with tips on how to implement ortho-k into the practice along with ensuring continual patient success.

Dr. Jennifer Choo (Australia)

BIOGRAPHY

Dr. Choo completed a Bachelor of Science degree in Cell Biology and Genetics at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada. She obtained her Doctor of Optometry degree with distinction from Pacific University College of Optometry in Portland, Oregon, USA. Dr. Choo is currently completing her PhD on the topic of orthokeratology corneal changes at the VisionCRC in Sydney, Australia under the guidance of Scientia Professor Brien Holden. She has presented extensively overseas and is a recipient of several awards including the Contact Lens Society of Australia Postgraduate Research Award and the prestigious American Academy of Optometry William C. Ezell Fellowship. Dr. Choo also serves as project director for orthokeratology research at the Institute for Eye Research in Sydney.

ABSTRACT

Purpose: A number of reports have indicated an association between swimming with contact lenses and subsequent eye infection. This study tests whether a hydrophilic contact lens worn while swimming accumulates bacteria present in the water and whether lens type (silicone hydrogel vs hydrogel) affected the result.

Methods: Fifteen healthy non-contact lens wearers swam for 30 minutes with a silicone hydrogel lens (PureVision, Bausch & Lomb) on one eye and a hydrogel lens (Acuvue 2, Vistakon Inc.) on the other. Lenses were removed aseptically 10 minutes after the subjects left the water. Microbial growth was enumerated for total numbers of colonies and categorized by species present. Numbers of colonies were compared between the two lens groups and with a water sample taken from the pool. Eight of the subjects returned on a different day and wore new lenses for 50 minutes in normal room conditions.

Results: Two lenses were lost while swimming. Twenty-seven of the remaining 28 lenses worn while swimming showed colonization principally with Staphylococcus epidermidis, which was also by far the most common species identified from the water itself. Numbers of colonies varied among subjects (range 0 to 230) but no differences were observed between the two lens groups. Lenses removed after 30 minutes of wear without swimming were mostly sterile, with 3 of 16 lenses showing just two colonies each.

Conclusion: Wearing a hydrophilic lens while swimming allows accumulation of microbial organisms on or in the lenses, regardless of lens material. Swimmers should be advised to wear tight-fitting goggles if lenses are worn and thorough disinfection of the lenses before overnight wear is prudent.

Dr. Jeffrey J. Walline (USA)

BIOGRAPHY

Jeffrey J. Walline, OD PhD received his Doctor of Optometry degree from the University of California, Berkeley School of Optometry, and he completed a PhD degree in Vision Science from The Ohio State University College of Optometry. Dr. Walline is an Assistant Professor at The Ohio State University College of Optometry, where he serves as Principal Investigator of several pediatric contact lens studies, including the Adolescent and Child Health Initiative to Encourage Vision Empowerment (ACHIEVE) Study, the Corneal Reshaping and Yearly Observation of Nearsightedness (CRAYON) Study, and the Contact Lenses In Pediatrics (CLIP) Study. Dr. Walline also teaches Vision of Children and instructs in the Pediatrics Service.

ABSTRACT

Many eye care practitioners refuse to fit children with contact lenses until they are 13 years or older. However, considerable evidence indicates that younger children are capable of wearing contact lenses independent of parental influence, and they receive benefits that are equal to kids older than 13 years.

We will discuss how to present the option of contact lens wear to parents, what types of contact lenses children are capable of wearing, tips for fitting children with contact lenses, how to determine what contact lens modality may best suit a particular child, and benefits that children receive from contact lens wear. All of the information will come from direct clinical experience as well as large amounts of clinical data collected through the conduct of several pediatric contact lens investigations.

Prof. Xie Pei Ying (China)

BIOGRAPHY

Prof. Xie Pei Ying graduated with a Doctor of Medical Science in 1987 from Juntendo University, School of Medicine in Japan (M.D, PhD.). Her post- doctoral research was at the same University.

She was an Associate Professor of Ophthalmology and Director of Beijing Tongren Hospital Contact Lens Centre from 1994 to 1999. She is presently a Professor of Ophthalmology and Director of Peking University’s Optometry & Ophthalmology Center. She is engaged in clinical and education in optometry and ophthalmology, especially in contact lens and keratoconus research.

Prof. Xie is the Vice-Chairman of the Chinese Optometry Academy, member of IACLE, CLAO and Jpn. CL. Soc. Prof. Xie has also compiled 12 books which include the following topics: “Contact Lenses”, “Low Vision”, “Orthokeratology”, “Chinese-English-Japanese Contact Lens Dictionary”, “Preferred Optometry Practice Pattern”, “Contact Lens Complication”

ABSTRACT

Accumulating with over 1000 primary and secondary Keratoconus corrective experiences, it has been shown that proper RGP CL fitting for Keratoconus can be effective in correcting irregular astigmatism, reducing aberration, improving visual acuity and contrast sensitivity significantly. General spherical, aspherical and large diameter designed RGP CL should be first selected for mild and moderate Keratoconus.

Reverse geometry design lenses were also tried in few mild cases. Some special designed (multi-curves - 3~4 curves, peripheral multi curve, Rose-K, Piggyback lens) RGP CL could be fitted in moderate and severe cases in order to achieve better fitting and comfort.

The results of long-term (more than 3years, average 49.3±15.3 months) fitting with RGP CL for Keratoconus have shown many clinical benefits, including “orthokeratology” effects as observed by cornea topography, significant reduction in myopia and astigmatism, improvement in corrected VA at different levels. We found that it slightly affected corneal endothelia and corneal thickness after long-term RGP CL wearing.

Prof. Norhani Mohidin (Malaysia)

BIOGRAPHY

Professor Norhani Mohidin was formerly Head of Department of Optometry at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), and now Dean of the Faculty of Allied Health Sciences UKM.. She was the 1st Malay optometrist in Malaysia. Upon graduation from the University of Wales, Cardiff she joined UKM as a clinical optometrist and started the 1st optometry clinic for public service in the Department of Ophthalmology, UKM. Subsequently the clinic expanded to offer contact lens and low vision services. She did her Masters in Optometry at the The University of New South Wales, Australia and PhD at The University of Auckland, New Zealand. Her present research interests include myopia and Orthokeratology, both of which had grants from UKM and Ministry of Sciences and Technology, Malaysia. Prof Norhani played an active role in the establishment and development of the optometry profession in Malaysia, and amongst her contribution include being members of the Malaysian Optical Council, Panel of the National Accreditation Board, Panel on Quality Assurance in Health Education for the Ministry of Education, life member of the Association of the Blind, Inaugral Fellow of the Association of Malaysian Optometrists and Fellow of International Association of Contact Lens Educators (IACLE).

Norhani Mohidin, Cheah Pike See, Bariah Mohd Ali, Maung Myint, Azian A Latiff.

ABSTRACT

The effect on the cornea as results of orthokeratology (OK) lens wear is known to be temporary. Measurements involving refractive errors and corneal topography have indicated that values return to near baseline levels on cessation of OK lens wear. The objective of this study is to examine the changes that occur at the cellular layers of the cornea as results of OK lens wear and cessation of lens wear. The implications of these findings on OK in clinical practice will be discussed in the presentation.

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